{"id":7838,"date":"2025-11-10T12:35:28","date_gmt":"2025-11-10T11:35:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vosveteit.zoznam.sk\/vedavovrecku\/?p=7838"},"modified":"2025-11-10T12:43:53","modified_gmt":"2025-11-10T11:43:53","slug":"mozu-zivocichy-bez-mozgu-mysliet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vosveteit.zoznam.sk\/vedavovrecku\/mozu-zivocichy-bez-mozgu-mysliet\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00f4\u017eu \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchy bez mozgu myslie\u0165?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Niektor\u00e9 zvierat\u00e1 sa spoliehaj\u00fa na mozog, in\u00e9 sa spoliehaj\u00fa na nie\u010do ove\u013ea jednoduch\u0161ie, no aj tak zvl\u00e1daj\u00fa veci, ktor\u00e9 by si s \u201emozgom\u201c automaticky sp\u00e1jal. Hviezdice, med\u00fazy, je\u017eovky \u010di sasanky mozog nemaj\u00fa, ale napriek tomu lovia, reaguj\u00fa na nebezpe\u010denstvo a prisp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa sa prostrediu.<\/strong> Ako je to mo\u017en\u00e9?<\/p>\n

Profesor neurobiol\u00f3gie Simon Sprecher z Univerzity vo Fribourgu<\/em> vysvetlil, \u017ee \u201ebezmozgov\u00fd\u201c neznamen\u00e1 \u201ebez neur\u00f3nov\u201c. <\/strong>Takmer v\u0161etky zvierat\u00e1, okrem \u0161pongi\u00ed a jednoduch\u00fdch placozo\u00ed, maj\u00fa neur\u00f3ny, bunky, ktor\u00e9 pren\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa inform\u00e1cie. A tie dok\u00e1\u017eu viac, ne\u017e sa kedysi predpokladalo, informuje port\u00e1l Live Science.<\/a><\/p>\n

Ke\u010f nervov\u00e1 sie\u0165 nahrad\u00ed mozog<\/h3>\n

Tvory ako med\u00fazy, sasanky \u010di hydry maj\u00fa dif\u00faznu nervov\u00fa sie\u0165, prepleten\u00fd syst\u00e9m neur\u00f3nov rozmiestnen\u00fdch po celom tele. Pod\u013ea profesorky Tamar Lotan z Univerzity v Haife t\u00e1to sie\u0165 spracuje zmyslov\u00e9 podnety a vyvol\u00e1 presne koordinovan\u00e9 reakcie, od pl\u00e1vania a\u017e po pichnutie. In\u00fdmi slovami, cel\u00e9 telo pracuje ako \u201e\u017eiv\u00fd mozog\u201c.<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00f4\u017ee\u0161 si to predstavi\u0165 ako elektrick\u00fa deku rozprestret\u00fa pod cel\u00fdm organizmom. Ke\u010f sa nie\u010do dotkne jej povrchu alebo za\u010dne chemicky meni\u0165 prostredie, sign\u00e1l sa rozbehne sie\u0165ou a cel\u00e9 telo reaguje,<\/strong>\u00a0napr\u00edklad med\u00faza vygeneruje pohybov\u00fd impulz, aby sa vzdialila. Takto jednoduch\u00e1 \u201esie\u0165 pod ko\u017eou\u201c<\/em> dok\u00e1\u017ee riadi\u0165 cel\u00fd organizmus bez jedinej centr\u00e1lnej jednotky.<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00e1to jednoduchos\u0165 m\u00e1 svoje v\u00fdhody. Syst\u00e9m sa nespolieha na centr\u00e1lny org\u00e1n, ktor\u00fd by mohol zlyha\u0165.<\/strong> Inform\u00e1cie sa rozlo\u017eia po tele<\/a> a v\u00fdsledkom je pohybliv\u00e9, reaguj\u00face zviera, ktor\u00e9 sa spr\u00e1va inteligentne, aj ke\u010f nem\u00e1 mozgov\u00fa k\u00f4ru ani lebku.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sprecherov v\u00fdskumn\u00fd t\u00edm uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee morsk\u00e1 sasanka druhu Nematostella vectensis<\/em> dok\u00e1\u017ee tvori\u0165 asociat\u00edvnu pam\u00e4\u0165.<\/strong> V experimente sp\u00e1jali vedci z\u00e1blesk svetla s jemn\u00fdm elektrick\u00fdm \u0161okom. Po \u010dase sasanka stiahla telo u\u017e len pri svetle, hoci \u017eiadny \u0161ok nepri\u0161iel.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"V\u00fdskumn\u00edci
Zdroj: AI, Vosveteit.sk<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

V inom pokuse vedci zistili, \u017ee sasanky rozoznaj\u00fa geneticky rovnak\u00fdch susedov. Po viacer\u00fdch stretoch s identick\u00fdmi jedincami obmedzili svoju typick\u00fa \u00fato\u010dn\u00fa agresiu.<\/strong> Znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee dok\u00e1\u017eu rozl\u00ed\u0161i\u0165 seba od in\u00fdch, \u010do je schopnos\u0165, ktor\u00fa zvy\u010dajne pripisujeme len vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchom.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Med\u00fazy, ktor\u00e9 sa u\u010dia vyh\u00fdba\u0165<\/h3>\n

Aj med\u00fazy uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee si dok\u00e1\u017eu nie\u010do zapam\u00e4ta\u0165. T\u00edm veden\u00fd Janom Bieleckim z nemeckej univerzity v Kieli sk\u00famal \u0161tvorhrann\u00e9 med\u00fazy, ktor\u00e9 sa nau\u010dili sp\u00e1ja\u0165 vizu\u00e1lne podnety s fyzick\u00fdm dotykom prek\u00e1\u017eky.<\/strong> Po \u010dase sa im za\u010dali vyh\u00fdba\u0165 \u2013 akoby pochopili, \u017ee narazenie bol\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u201eSom presved\u010den\u00fd, \u017ee aj jedin\u00fd neur\u00f3n dok\u00e1\u017ee u\u010di\u0165 sa,\u201c uviedol Bielecki: “Ak teda u\u010denie a zapam\u00e4tanie patr\u00ed k z\u00e1kladom myslenia<\/a>, zd\u00e1 sa, \u017ee aj zvierat\u00e1 bez mozgu v istom zmysle myslia.”<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Na ot\u00e1zku, \u010di tieto tvory naozaj myslia, v\u0161ak vedci odpovedaj\u00fa opatrne.<\/strong> Sprecher poznamenal, \u017ee v\u0161etko z\u00e1vis\u00ed od defin\u00edcie. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 veda ch\u00e1pe \u201emyslenie\u201c inak, psychol\u00f3g inak ne\u017e biol\u00f3g \u010di neurovedec.<\/p>\n

Profesor Ken Cheng z austr\u00e1lskej Macquarie University dodal, \u017ee vedci rad\u0161ej hovoria o kogn\u00edcii ne\u017e o myslen\u00ed. Slovo \u201emyslenie\u201c toti\u017e nazna\u010duje nie\u010do, \u010do prebieha \u201ev hlave\u201c a pri tvorovi bez hlavy to znie \u010dudne. Kogn\u00edcia znamen\u00e1 spracovanie inform\u00e1ci\u00ed, teda pou\u017e\u00edvanie podnetov z prostredia na rozhodovanie a konanie.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ak by sme prijali t\u00fato \u0161irok\u00fa defin\u00edciu, v\u0161etky \u017eiv\u00e9 tvory kognit\u00edvne funguj\u00fa,<\/strong>\u00a0aj tie najjednoduch\u0161ie. Ve\u010f aj \u0161pongia mus\u00ed reagova\u0165 na zmeny pr\u00fadu vody alebo chemick\u00e9ho zlo\u017eenia okolia, aby pre\u017eila.<\/p>\n

Jednoduchos\u0165 ako v\u00fdhoda<\/h3>\n

Vedci sa zhoduj\u00fa, \u017ee tieto \u201eprimit\u00edvne\u201c syst\u00e9my sa uk\u00e1zali ako nesmierne odoln\u00e9<\/strong>. p\u0155hlivce, kam patria med\u00fazy, sasanky \u010di koraly, \u017eij\u00fa na Zemi viac ako 700 mili\u00f3nov rokov a st\u00e1le prosperuj\u00fa. Pre\u017eili zmeny kl\u00edmy<\/a>, vyhynutia druhov aj kolapsy ekosyst\u00e9mov, ktor\u00e9 zni\u010dili mnoh\u00e9 zvierat\u00e1 s mozgom.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Je
Zdroj: AI, Vedavovrecku.sk<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

K\u00fdm \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchy s komplexn\u00fdm mozgom museli bojova\u0165 s evolu\u010dn\u00fdmi zmenami, tieto jednoduch\u00e9 syst\u00e9my ostali stabiln\u00e9.<\/strong> Ich myslenie, teda schopnos\u0165 reagova\u0165 na zmeny, preuk\u00e1zalo vy\u0161\u0161iu dlhodob\u00fa odolnos\u0165 ne\u017e mnoh\u00e9 stavovce. <\/strong>Je to d\u00f4kaz, \u017ee v evol\u00facii nie v\u017edy komplikovanos\u0165 znamen\u00e1 \u00faspech.<\/p>\n

Tamar Lotan upozor\u0148uje, \u017ee pr\u00e1ve ich nervov\u00e1 jednoduchos\u0165 im d\u00e1va v\u00fdhodu, <\/strong>umo\u017e\u0148uje prisp\u00f4sobi\u0165 sa extr\u00e9mnym podmienkam bez nutnosti komplikovanej nervovej s\u00fastavy. Ich neur\u00f3ny reaguj\u00fa, integruj\u00fa podnety a riadia spr\u00e1vanie. Mo\u017eno ide o najstar\u0161iu formu myslenia na plan\u00e9te.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nie je to myslenie v \u013eudskom zmysle, ale nie\u010do hlb\u0161ie a priamo\u010diarej\u0161ie,<\/strong>\u00a0\u017eiv\u00e1 reakcia na svet, ktor\u00e1 sa po\u010das stoviek mili\u00f3nov rokov osved\u010dila. A mo\u017eno pr\u00e1ve preto tieto \u201ebezmozgov\u00e9\u201c tvory st\u00e1le pl\u00e1vaj\u00fa tam, kde mnoh\u00ed ich \u201em\u00fadrej\u0161\u00ed\u201c n\u00e1stupcovia d\u00e1vno zmizli.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Niektor\u00e9 zvierat\u00e1 sa spoliehaj\u00fa na mozog, in\u00e9 sa spoliehaj\u00fa na nie\u010do ove\u013ea jednoduch\u0161ie, no aj tak zvl\u00e1daj\u00fa veci, ktor\u00e9 by si s \u201emozgom\u201c …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4804,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[58,1118,2490,274,2491,194,2489,137,72],"class_list":["post-7838","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zvierata","tag-mozog","tag-myslenie","tag-nervova-siet","tag-neurony","tag-podnety","tag-reakcia","tag-schopnost-mysliet","tag-ucenie-sa","tag-zivocichy"],"yoast_head":"\nM\u00f4\u017eu \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchy bez mozgu myslie\u0165? - Veda vo vrecku<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Dok\u00e1\u017eu \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchy bez mozgu myslie\u0165? 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